Sunday, 9 February 2014

National Archive Podcast (6)


I love history at a local, national and world levels. The National Archives contain some interesting records of British Imperialism around the world. There are also important records relating to life in the united kingdom. These records can also be used by anyone who is interested in genealogy. The documents come in all forms. I like to listen to the research outcomes in the form of lectures as the archives come under greater and greater scrutiny. The files are captured in MP3 format. There is obviously a bias towards history and family history in my choices.

Wars in the 20th century have been responsible for the deaths of millions of people. Still more come back from conflict with permanent disabilities, in body and mind, in need of medical treatment, on-going care and financial support. Drawing on the wide range of materials in the National Archives, Dr Julie Anderson explores the history of people disabled in war in the 20th century. This talk was part of The National Archives' Diversity Week, a series of events and activities aimed at promoting equality and diversity in how we work and what we do. Dr Julie Anderson is a Senior Lecturer in the School of History at the University of Kent. Click Here to listen.
Mark Stevens takes a journey behind the walls of Victorian Broadmoor, England’s first Criminal Lunatic Asylum, and discovers some of the patients’ stories. Click Here to listen.
Author Helen Rappaport discusses the subject of her newest book, Beautiful For Ever: Madame Rachel of Bond Street – Cosmetician, Con-Artist and Blackmailer. In the talk, Helen reveals Madame Rachel’s startling career path – from fish fryer in Clare Market to proprietor of an exclusive ‘Temple of Renovation’ that promised eternal beauty but was built upon a foundation of lies, treachery and blackmail. Click Here to listen.
William the Conqueror invited Jews into England from Normandy around 1070, but the Jewish community of merchants and money lenders formed an uneasy relationship with the English crown and people. Medieval Jews were considered to be the king's property, and received certain protection, despite ruthless exploitation of their finances by the crown. However, their religious beliefs created suspicion that resulted in frequent persecution. Click Here to listen.

Saturday, 8 February 2014

The Story of Bent's Green Lodge. (3)

Continued from part two. This article was lifted from the Sheffield and Rotherham Independent. Dated 3rd March 1866

THE STORY OF BENT'S GREEN LODGE.

BY MRS. HOFLAND.

The following story is perfectly true. Bent's Green Lodge, near Ecclesall, formerly the public-house which was the scene of the events hereafter to be described, is now (having of course undergone sundry alterations and improvements) the residence of one of the best known and most highly respected of the inhabitants of Sheffield. Mr. Albert Smith. It was Mr. Smith's father, the Rev. George Smith, who, along with "Justice Wilkinson," the well known Vicar of Sheffield, received the dying confession of the unhappy murderer.
I am now going to do that which I ought to have done twelve months ago. Oh! that God may have mercy and accept the only atonement I can offer I But I must hasten." "You, Sir, (to the Vicar) remember poor Anak Osborne's death a year ago? "I remember it perfectly he called at your house about midnight, and seeing that he was already in liquor, you refused to give him more. He was found dead, I believe, near this place, in a manner often predicted from his bad habits, poor creature. His wagon had gone over him and crushed him to death." 

"Yes, Sir, found dead. Alas, but I must speak the truth all the truth. Amok, although a sad drunkard was a kind, good-natured man, at all other times; but when in liquor was extremely abusive, and on the night in question he used such provoking language as to raise my anger to the utmost pitch, no that my wife almost pushed him out of the door in kindness, for fear I should be tempted to strike him. The house was full of people who were returning from the market of Sheffield, and she was in another moment called to attend them, and probably never heard the shameful language he uttered against her, but unhappily I did, and, unseen by any person, I followed him out of the house, and in my rage seized his own cartman's whip (easily wrested out of hands like his), and giving him a violent blow with the butt end on his temple, he fell in a moment (as I believed) dead at my feet. The rage which had prompted me to this mad blow instantly subsided, and horror and terror possessed me, but my mind was more alive In the dangers which surrounded me than I can describe. 

Another moment and all would be discovered. I was so near the house that I could hear voices and laughter, and from the light which streamed from the windows I beheld poor old Amok, my victim, at my feet. His well-trained horses were then obeying the direction he, had given at the moment I reached him, and were slowly winding round the angle which brought them into the turnpike road, and I saw in a moment the possibility of escaping detection. Grasping the body, which at any other time I should have thought beyond my strength. I carried it quite across that corner of ground leading to Whiteley Wood, and laid it on the spot where it was found. During that no sound escaped the lips, no breath issued from him yet I thought that at the moment I laid the body down in the road, which the wagon had now nearly reached, there was a motion of the heart, yet I laid it down. Ah! then, then I was indeed a murderer.

The narrative was arrested, for the wife, who had long boon gazing on the speaker with looks of in-credulity and horror, at this instant dropped on the floor in a death-like swoon, overpowered by the full and dreadful conviction which seized on her senses. Fond as he had certainly been of her, yet this painful circumstance did not greatly affect the conscious murderer, whose mind was evidently strung up to one awful purpose, and when she had been conveyed to another chamber, he eagerly returned to his terrible narrative. How I got back to my own house I know not, for my limbs shook, my tongue cleaved to my mouth, and. my hair stood stiff like wire. I slunk in the back way, and came up to this chamber, where, as soon as I was able, I crept into bed. It was not an uncommon thing for me to do this, after I had been busy in my farm, and was much fatigued; therefore when my wife missed me, she was neither surprised nor sorry, and on coming to bed put out her light speedily lest she should disturb me. She little thought I was not asleep, she little foresaw that I should never sleep again.

The horses of Amok at a late hour reached his master's house without their driver. That master, his son, and servants, instantly set out to seek the poor wretch, whose fault they too well knew; and just as the morning sun broke into that window, there was a loud knocking at my door, and voices were heard demanding instant admittance. I jumped out of bed, opened the window, crying vehemently, he shall not be brought in here! At this moment it was impossible for me to see the body, for the window of the house, as you perceive, was betwixt me and the door. Ah! why did not James Green, to whom I spoke, notice these words? Why was I not apprehended, tried, condemned, and executed? Oh! it was cruel carelessness to me.

My poor wife slept soundly, for she had been much fatigued. I awoke her and sent her down to the men. My heart bitterly reproached me for I knew she would be dreadfully shocked, for me, was fond of the old carman; but I felt that her presence there would be a protection to me, and that she would enforce my command, not to admit the dead body into the house. Half asleep, she heard but partly what I said, yet, when roused by the dreadful fact, she acted upon it, called the servants, and led the party into the barn, where the inquest was held. I pleaded illness and did not leave my room some days, nor was the plea a false one. Such were the sufferings of my mind, that a fever seized on my frame, and I fancied a fire was kindled in my heart which burnt incessantly until I knew the corpse was buried; when I became sensible of great relief, tried to recall my scattered thoughts, to see the importance of eluding suspicion, and the necessity of appearing as usual.

Conversation still ran on Anak's death, and I heard mention made of the blow on his head with a cold shudder, so severe as to arrest my speech, and make my knees smite each other; but my situation was not observed, and another speaker doubted not but the blow was produced by his fall, and all agreed it was not wonderful that such man came to such an end. My wife at these moments never failed to vindicate him, and often to lament him even with tears, recalling the time when he had given flowers and gingerbread to her children, and she would then rend my very heart by devoutly thanking God that her dear James did not lift his hand against the poor soul on that fatal night.

Az their conversation died away, my alarm so far subsided that I got time to think then it was I became miserable, with a misery of which I never could have formed any idea before. My safety pressed on my heart as a perpetual sin no after reckoning could expiate, and I felt as if the mercy of God could never reach me unless I suffered the penalty of death due to my crime. Often, when I wandered out on the wild moors, have I thrown myself on the ground to beseech the Almighty to take my life; and when I have seen the forked lightning dance on the rocks, and heard mutterings of distant thunder, I have sprung forward to meet the storm, in the terrible hope that he would thus accept his victim. Often did I resolve to throw myself into the hands of justice, but the sight of my wife always unmanned me, and at length I soothed myself a little by resolving to do it at the end of one year, if it were possible I could live so long. I then became weak and troubled with a thousand vain fears I could not turn my face toward the barn where Anak had been laid; the sound of wheels reminded me of his wagon; the creaking of the sign told me that there I should be gibbeted. Yet do I firmly believe that I have never left my senses for an hour, nor have I allowed myself to cease from feeling the perpetual sorrow I have so dreadfully earned, save when my precious child has for a single moment beguiled me into the pleasure of a parent.

The unhappy and exhausted man ceased to speak, end his auditors, struck with severe horror at the dreadful narrative of the murderer, yet deeply affected with the sad condition of the penitent, were silent also. At length the Vicar, who was a man stricken in years, deeply affected, arose for the purpose of approaching close to the sufferer, and addressing the words now labouring in his bosom with the more effect. The poor man mistook his purpose, and by a violent effort sprang from his chair and threw himself prostrate on the floor, exclaiming, "Take me, reverend Sir I beseech you, take me try me sentence me to death! I am a murderer; I charge you, as a minister of Christ, as a magistrate of the land, do your duty upon me.

In great distress and perturbation, the aged clergy-man threw his arms around him and lifted him, as well as he was able, into his chair, as in a tremulous voice be said, " I am not your Judge: and would have proceeded, but the countenance of the invalid was now more wild and livid than before, and in a tenfold agony he exclaimed, Ah! just so did his heart beat against my breast; once only once. A groan that seemed to shake the foundation of the house now burst from his lips, and his long-suffering spirit fled to its eternal audit. In awe and horror, yet with all the tenderness of Christian pity, did the spectators behold a transition so fearful and affecting, and deeply did their hearts labour in prayer for that wretched soul, which they could warmly yet believe to be dismissed from the woe-worn tenement before them. The widow of this unhappy man survived him but a few months, and the children were taken by relations to a distant home, so that I basses knowledge of what became of little Mary, that child of early sorrow. For several years the house was either untenanted or found no abiding inhabitant; for fearful whispers and heart-appalling memorials rendered it a melancholy abode.

Concluded in Part Four.

Friday, 7 February 2014

Boat Alarm

It's winter and a time when we all like to keep the stove running round the clock to keep everything toasty and warm. Every year we read about people who have a few drafts on their boats and block the ventilation holes. The problem is - the holes are usually needed to ensure safe operation of the stove. We have seen boats with plastic containers placed over the mushroom vents and others with, duct or gaffer tape placed over fixed louvre vents. 

There is also the temptation to keep the stove 'banked up' (full) and just ticking over at night to keep the boat aired.  The problem is that the only way to keep a fire ticking over is to restrict oxygen getting to the fire.  If the fire is full of fuel and the fire is struggling to stay alight. The heat will cause large amounts of CO (Carbon Monoxide) to be generated. When a fire has a good supply of oxygen this can help to reduce the amount of  CO being generated.  Never over fill the fire box. On Rosie we just fill the firebox to the point where it will have exhausted most of the fuel by morning and we never burn wood overnight. 

It is a good idea to have a smoke alarm(s) and CO alarms fitted to your boat. They are two different kinds of alarm. One will be triggered by heat and smoke and the other will trigger on detecting small levels of carbon monoxide. Sighting the alarms in the correct position is important.  Heat and smoke and carbon monoxide caused by fire will rise to the roof level.  The smoke alarm should be located as near possible to a source of fire. Such as the kitchen galley or the area where the stove is located. A smoke and CO alarm should also be placed in your sleeping area. You are at greatest risk when asleep than when you are awake.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) have a set of guidelines: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels, including gas, oil, wood and coal. Carbon-based fuels and appliances are safe to use if correctly installed and maintained. It is only when the fuel does not burn properly that excess CO is produced, which is poisonous. When CO enters the body, it prevents the blood from bringing oxygen to cells, tissues, and organs.
You can't see it, taste it or smell it but CO can kill quickly without warning. HSE Statistics show every year around 14 people in the UK die from CO poisoning caused by gas appliances and flues that have not been properly installed, maintained or that are poorly ventilated. Levels that do not kill can cause serious harm to health if breathed in over a long period. In extreme cases paralysis and brain damage can be caused as a result of prolonged exposure to CO. Increasing public understanding of the risks of CO poisoning and taking sensible precautions could dramatically reduce this risk.

When you press the test button on a smoke or CO alarm. You are only testing the battery and that their is sufficient power to operate the alarm. Some alarms have a low power sensor and will emit a beep to alert you to the battery being exhausted. Different makers have different testing requirements. I would suggest a CO alarm that has a digital readout. Read and save the enclosed documentation. If you have lost the instructions - download them on-line.

To confirm that a CO detector is detecting carbon monoxide, test it with a substance that will detect low levels of the gas, such as a lit cigarette, match or a smouldering candal wick. As you move the smouldering item  within a few inches of the CO detector, the digital display should change to register the presence of carbon monoxide. If the CO level detected is below 70 ppm (parts per million) the alarm will probably not go off. But the digital readout should read more than zero.  I find it easy to test the smoke alarm in a morning by preparing toast in the galley.

We clear the stove flue with a brush every few months. We have noticed that as soot builds up on the inside of the stove pipe. The flue pipe gets cooler spots to the touch. The flue brush head and three 3ft connecting rods cost us about £20. If you use methane or propane on your boat, it is possible for leaking or un-burnt gas which is heavier than air, to build up in the boat bilge. There are hydrocarbon alarms which can be installed to warn of such issues. We have one installed on Rosie and we only have to change the remote detector head every few years.

Thursday, 6 February 2014

The Story of Bent's Green Lodge (2)

Continued from part one. This article was lifted from the Sheffield and Rotherham Independent. Dated 3rd March 1866

THE STORY OF BENT'S GREEN LODGE.

BY MRS. HOFLAND.

The following story is perfectly true. Bent's Green Lodge, near Ecclesall, formerly the public-house which was the scene of the events hereafter to be described, is now (having of course undergone sundry alterations and improvements) the residence of one of the best known and most highly respected of the inhabitants of Sheffield. Mr. Albert Smith. It was Mr. Smith's father, the Rev. George Smith, who, along with "Justice Wilkinson," the well known Vicar of Sheffield, received the dying confession of the unhappy murderer.
Sundays were the special days of sorrow for both Mary and her distressed mother, who considered it her duty to send her daughter to church, about a mile distant; and the child grieved that neither parent could go to the good place, and ask god to comfort them. One Sabbath morning in the beginning of May, the father was become so weak that he fainted whilst dressing, on which account Mary remained at home to nurse and amuse him. During the time she sat with him the often repeated "I wish," again passed his lips, and the quick ear of infancy, now excited by unusual anxiety, thought that in the murmured sounds which followed he said, "I wish I were hanged!" and in great horror Mary cried out, 'Oh ! father, father; you are wicked you frighten me." 

The wretched man burst into tears and wept abundantly, as one bowed down:by sorrow. Often did he, clasp his hands and apparently try to beg a blessing on the head of the child who innocently reproved and deeply wounded him, but as often ,did he interest himself, as if scorning' his own effort, and finally, he put her from his chair, and covered his face, as if afflicted with shame not less than sorrow. Mary was grieved to the heart to see him suffer thus, but she conceived it her duty to relieve this burst of 'sorrow, as she had tried to do often before, by diverting his attention, and therefore went to the window to make observations, and said to her mother, who was entering the room, "I see all the people who are coming from church : there is a very pretty carriage, with two gentlemen in it, and they both look out of the window toward our house."

It is Mr. Wilkinson, the vicar of Sheffield, and his curate, Mr. Smith, who have been doing duty at our church; he was there last year at this time," answered the mother, mechanically. "I remember him, and I love him," replied Mary, "because he said father did right not to give old Anak Osborne any more liquor. " Don't speak of poor old Anak, child," said the. mother; "it is twelve months this very morning since I rose from my' bed to see his dead body brought in. James Green is below, and has just reminded me of it." "James Green is a fool, a wretch, my worst enemy," cried the sick man, with an energy and strength that made his hearers start with astonishment ; but in another moment he sank back in his great chair, shaking in every limb. 

Cold drops of sweat hung on his brow, his strained eyes seemed gazing on vacancy with terror indescribable, his hands were clenched, and his lips quivered with a convulsive motion, as if from pangs amounting to agony. The wife believing him seized with death itself, dropped on her knees before him, and with inarticulate words and sighs that spoke the intensity of her grief and pity, tried to pray for his departing spirit; but in a few moments she found that he had taken hold of her duped hands, and was drawing her towards him. "Mary, my beloved Mary, the time is come! Thou shalt know all. Send this moment for the Vicar; you know he is a justice of the peace, he only is the right sort of a minister for me, Oh! send for him instantly." 

The wife, bewildered with terror and distress, gazed on him earnestly, in the persuasion that the madness of which her neighbours had so often hinted, had now really arrived but she listened in vain for the ravings of delirium. With all the little strength that remained to him, but in few words, the unhappy man continued to urge her to send for the Vicar, as constantly repeating. "because he is a justice of the peace." This was the very reason why the wife would have preferred any other clergyman, for she had, in common with many persons in her station, a kind of awe of the office, which induced her to feel that she could not throw open the sorrows of her long-harassed spirit to one so much above her. But the demand was imperious nor could she look in the countenance of him so long dear to her without being conscious that his requests were nearly at a close. Mary was therefore despatched to the house of a neighbour, who was going to the afternoon service, and undertook to bring his worship when that was over. 

The landlord continued silent for some time. He then asked for his dinner, which he ate, if not with appetite, yet with resolution, and then took a cup of hot elder wine with the air of one who had a duty to perform which would require all the energy he could muster. In his better days, he had been remarkable for personal neatness; but it was many months since the last vestige of this quality left him, to the especial grief of his good wife, who now heard him with surprise entreat her to make him look decent by combing his hair, and putting him on a clean cravat." That hair was now white as milk, and the furrows of age marked the shrunken neck; yet, as no symptom of disease appeared beyond general weakness, and it was especially evident to all around him that he was free from pulmonary affection, something like hope sprung in the poor woman's bosom as she thus ministered to his wishes not less than his wants. "If he could open his heart to the Vicar, if he could get comfort for his soul, doubtless his strength would return; he could yet redeem his affairs, and all would be well again; she should not be left with her children in sorrow and poverty." 

But her kind offices, though performed by hands now, feeble by long suffering, did not fill up the time, and a fearful restlessness that threatened to dissipate the assumed strength of the hour, succeeded. Little Mary happily came back at this juncture; and for a few moments the fond eyes of the father looked upon her with I delight. The joy was of short duration; for when she averted to the time, and said, "a carriage was advancing," he told her to go away in a tone so full of deep distress, and even horror, that the poor child was over-powered, and hung round him as if incapable of obedience. "Go away now, Mary," said the mother, leading her to the door; "you shall come again when Mr. Wilkinson is gone." No, no, no !" cried the father, "she must come no more, she must never look on me again ; so come back and kiss me, child, once more, for the last, last time." At this moment the clergyman entered, and the poor child snatched a hasty embrace and fled from the room. 

The father shook like a leaf, but by a strong effort so far conquered himself as to require the presence of the Rev. Mr. Smith, who had accompanied the Vicar. "You are very weak, my friend," said the latter; "will it not injure you to have another stranger?" "No, Sir ; I have something to disclose; I must have two witnesses, and my wife had better leave me." "No, James, I had better stay; you will faint perhaps, and who can help you so well as I can" In another moment, the curate was seated in the room, round which his eye glanced mournfully, yet approvingly. It was, indeed, the chamber of sickness perhaps of death. Those long united by the sweetest and holiest bonds of mortality were to be divided; the house was about to be bereft of its head, and probably doomed to the desolation of poverty, together with the sorrows of widowhood; yet, in the fond anxiety and intense interest of the wife's countenance, in the modest manners of the little weeping girl who had passed him on the stairs, the open Bible laid open on the drawers, and the air of more than common neatness in all around, be was induced to conclude that as in days past the best affections of the heart had been here cultivated, as in the present time of suffering the consolations of religion might also be experienced. 

He was called from this hasty survey by the deep, sepulchral tone of one who looked as if he were even. now an inhabitant of the tomb, yet spoke with a clearness of voice and strength of lungs which, in so fragile a being, seemed almost supernatural, and with a brevity and precision seldom met with in a man of his station. "You see before you, gentlemen, a man worn down to the brink of the grave by affliction by remorse.

Continued in part three.

Wednesday, 5 February 2014

Best British Invention

As a nation the British have always been good at research. There is a huge list of inventions that we came up with and then failed to develop. It has not always been that way. Take the railways, invented here developed and used to compliment the canals to keep the industrial revolution going. War has also provided a stimulus to invent. The bouncing bomb and electronic computing come to mind. The bouncing bomb provided a war time solution to a problem. As did colossus which helped to speed up the deciphering of German communications. Colossus was the first truly electronic, digital and programmable computer.

Graphine is another such invention. At the time of its isolation in 2004 many researchers were already familiar with graphene's composition, structure and properties, which had been calculated decades earlier. Graphene is strong, light, nearly transparent and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. Its interactions with other materials and with light and its inherently two-dimensional nature produce unique properties, such as the bipolar transistor effect, ballistic transport of charges and large quantum oscillations.

The combination of familiarity, extraordinary properties and surprising ease of isolation enabled a rapid increase in graphene research. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 "for ground breaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene".

So will Graphine prove to be a new 'revolution' for the future and where does it rate in the list of the best 50 British Inventions. 

  1. THERMOS FLASK Invented: 1892 Inventor: Sir James Dewar
  2. LAWNMOWER Invented: 1827 Inventor: Edwin Beard Budding
  3. FLOAT GLASS Invented: 1959 Inventor: Alastair Pilkington
  4. LIGHT BULB Invented: 1880 Inventor: Joseph Swan
  5. CHOCOLATE BAR Invented: 1847 Inventor: JS Fry & Sons
  6. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH Invented: 1837 Inventors: Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke
  7. PNEUMATIC TYRE Invented: 1887 Inventor: John Boyd Dunlop
  8. MODERN FIRE EXTINGUISHER Invented: 1818 Inventor: George William Manby
  9. CATSEYE Invented: 1933 Inventor: Percy Shaw
  10. CARBON FIBRE Invented: 1963 Inventors: Royal Aircraft Establishment Engineers
  11. STEAM ENGINE Invented: 1801 Inventor: Richard Trevithick
  12. WORLDWIDE WEB Invented: 1989 Inventor: Tim Berners-Lee
  13. SODA WATER Invented: 1772 Inventor: Joseph Priestley
  14. HYPODERMIC SYRINGE Invented: 1853 Inventor: Alexander Wood
  15. REFLECTING TELESCOPE Invented: 1668 Inventor: Isaac Newton
  16. TELEPHONE Patented: 1876 Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell
  17. COLLAPSIBLE BABY BUGGY Invented: 1965 Inventor: Owen Maclaren
  18. STEAM TURBINE Invented: 1884 Inventor: Charles Parsons
  19. MARINE CHRONOMETER Invented: 1761 Inventor: John Harrison
  20. TELEVISION Invented: 1925 Inventor: John Logie Baird
  21. SYNTHETIC DYE Invented: 1856 Inventor: William Perkin
  22. HIP REPLACEMENT Invented: 1962 Inventor: John Charnley
  23. PASSENGER RAILWAY Invented: 1825 Inventor: George Stephenson
  24. MILITARY TANK Invented: 1914 Inventor: Ernest Swinton
  25. TOOTHBRUSH Invented: c. 1770 Inventor: William Addis
  26. LINOLEUM Invented: 1860 Inventor: Frederick Walton
  27. AUTOMATIC KETTLE Invented: 1955 Inventor: Peter Hobbs
  28. MODERN TORPEDO Invented: 1866 Inventor: Robert Whitehead
  29. GLIDER Invented: 1804 Inventor: George Cayley
  30. JET ENGINE Invented: 1937 Inventor: Frank Whittle
  31. WIND-UP RADIO Invented: 1991 Inventor: Trevor Baylis
  32. SAFETY BICYCLE Invented: 1885 Inventor: John Kemp Starley
  33. CEMENT Invented: 1824 Inventor: Joseph Aspdin
  34. TENSION-SPOKED WHEEL Invented: 1808 Inventor: George Cayley
  35. SEED DRILL Invented: 1701 Inventor: Jethro Tull
  36. STAINLESS STEEL Invented: 1913 Inventor: Harry Brearley
  37. SPINNING FRAME Invented: 1768 Inventor: Richard Arkwright
  38. BESSEMER PROCESS Invented: 1856 Inventor: Henry Bessemer
  39. ELECTRIC MOTOR Invented: 1821 Inventer: Michael Faraday
  40. PHOTOGRAPHY Invented: 1835 Inventor: William Henry Fox Talbot
  41. HYDRAULIC PRESS Invented: 1795 Inventor: Joseph Bramah
  42. SEWAGE SYSTEM Invented: 1865 Inventor: Joseph Bazalgette
  43. ELECTRONIC PROGRAMMABLE COMPUTER Invented: 1943 Inventor: Tommy Flowers
  44. HOVERCRAFT Invented: 1953 Inventor: Christopher Cockerell
  45. TIN CAN Invented: 1810 Inventor: Peter Durand
  46. STERI-SPRAY Invented: 2008 Inventor: Ian Helmore
  47. WATERPROOF MATERIAL Invented: 1823 Inventor: Charles Macintosh
  48. ATM Invented: 1967 Inventor: John Shepherd-Barron
  49. ELECTRIC VACUUM CLEANER Invented: 1901 Inventor: Hubert Cecil Booth
  50. DISC BRAKES Invented: 1902 Inventor: Frederick William Lanchester
The Radio Times is running a poll where you can vote for the 'best invention' in the list. Click Here

After you have voted look in the list of comments and see if you like me and many others think the list should be much much longer!